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Chapter 1. Sustainable renovation of buildings and methodologies to quantify environmental and economic impact -- Chapter 2. Spanish regulations and European standardization: Driving transformation -- Chapter 3. Methods -- Chapter 4. Method application -- Appendix.

This report presents analyses with the purpose to clarify the energy savings of net heating until 2050 if the building components are being upgraded according to the requirements stipulated in the Danish Building Regulation 2010. Upgrading is assumed to be introduced when the building components need renovation anyway due to the building materials used having reached the end of their service life. The analyses are compared with an evaluation of the effect of a 100 % compliance with the requirements as this constitutes the ultimative energy savings in combination with planned building renovation. Additionally, the effect of implementing more tight energy requirements has been analysed. A calculation model has been established using information from the Danish building and dwelling stock register (BBR) and data from the Danish building energy certification (EPC) scheme that include information about insulation level, building component areas, i.e. roofs, external walls, floors and windows/doors, per unit area (gross heated floor area). The report is made for the Danish Energy Agency and targeted the Danish building industry, the agency itself and political decision makers in preparation for the Danish 2014 strategy for energy renovation of buildings. ; This report presents analyses with the purpose to clarify the energy savings of net heating until 2050 if the building components are being upgraded according to the requirements stipulated in the Danish Building Regulation 2010. Upgrading is assumed to be introduced when the building components need renovation anyway due to the building materials used having reached the end of their service life. The analyses are compared with an evaluation of the effect of a 100 % compliance with the requirements as this constitutes the ultimative energy savings in combination with planned building renovation. Additionally, the effect of implementing more tight energy requirements has been analysed. A calculation model has been established using information from the Danish building and dwelling stock register (BBR) and data from the Danish building energy certification (EPC) scheme that include information about insulation level, building component areas, i.e. roofs, external walls, floors and windows/doors, per unit area (gross heated floor area). The report is made for the Danish Energy Agency and targeted the Danish building industry, the agency itself and political decision makers in preparation for the Danish 2014 strategy for energy renovation of buildings.

Der er behov for en general reduktion af det samlede energiforbrug på grund af den stigende bekymring for klima forandringer forårsaget af CO2-udledningen fra fossile brændsler. I 2004 udgjorde energiforbruget i bygninger cirka 40 % af det samlede energiforbrug i EU og USA og spiller derfor en afgørende rolle i at reducere af CO2-udledningen. I løbet af det sidste årti EU, nationale regeringer og interesseorganisationer har igangsat forskellige initiativer for at reducere energiforbruget i bygninger. Initiativerne har mest fokuseret på at forbedre de termiske egenskaber af klimaskærmen for at reducere varmetabet. Installationer herunder ventilation udgør derfor nu en større andel af det samlede energiforbrug. Gennem de sidste 50 år har mekanisk ventilation været det mest anvendte ventilationsprincip, men det konventionelle design behøver en revidering for at kunne overholde fremtidens krav til energiforbruget. Naturlig- og hybridventilationssystemer bliver i stigende grad installeret for at reducere energiforbruget, specielt elforbruget til ventilatorer i mekaniske anlæg, men disse systemer have andre mangler som højere ventilationsvarmetab. Imens er det begrænset hvad der blevet gjort for at forbedre mekanisk ventilation. Energiforbruget til mekanisk ventilation afhænger af volumenstrømmen, ventilator effektiviteten og tryktabet i systemet. Denne afhandling undersøger mulighederne og udvikler et koncept og komponenter til design af mekanisk lavtryksventilation. Hypotesen er at. En ny type mekanisk lavtryksventilation med forbedret indeklima og lavere energiforbrug kan udvikles ved at optimere og redesigne delkomponenterne i konventionel mekanisk ventilationsanlæg med hensyn til tryktab og udvikling af nye lavtrykskomponenter. Målet er at udvikle et mekanisk anlæg med en SEL-værdi på 0.5 kJ/m3 og varmegenindvindingsgrad på 85 % som kan opfylde gældende indeklima krav uden ubehag i form af termisk, akustisk eller træk gener. Konceptet var udviklet for et tempereret klima som i Danmark og formålet var at levere komfort ventilation året rundt og undgå over temperaturer ved øget luftskifte og natkøling. Det betyder at kun et anlæg skal installeres og brug af mekanisk køling kan undgås. Potentialet for at reducere tryktabet var undersøgt for hovedkomponenterne i et mekanisk ventilationsanlæg og de afgørende for komponenter for realisering af hypotesen blev identificeret. Det foreslåede anlæg består af elektrostatiske filtre, en "over dimensioneret" varmeveksler for at reducere tryktab og øge virkningsgraden, diffust ventilationsloft til indblæsning og dynamisk trykstyring til regulering af luftmængderne til de enkelte rum. Undersøgelsen af hypotesen er rapporteret i fire videnskabelige artikler som er vedlagt afhandlingen, og afhandlingen sammenfatter resultaterne med supplerende diskussion samt et omfattende litteraturstudie. Konceptet er introduceret i artikel I og ydeevnen er evalueret gennem simuleringer af et forsøgsanlæg designet til en typisk kontorbygning. Alle komponenter var designet til at minimere tryktabet og dermed elforbruget til ventilatorer til at drive anlægget. Det samlede tryktab var 30-75 Pa afhængig af driftssituationen og den gennemsnitlige årlige var SEL-værdi 0.33 kJ/m3. Dette svarer til 10-15 % af elforbruget i konventionelle mekaniske ventilationsanlæg og kan dermed være med til at opfylde fremtidens energikrav for bygninger. Artikel II beskriver udviklingen af et dynamisk tryk (static pressure reset) styresystem med en ny type reguleringsspjæld. Ydeevnen af styresystemet var undersøgt i en forsøgsopstilling og målinger viste af den udviklede styrealgoritme og reguleringsspjældene var i stand til at regulere luftstrømmene præcist ned til 5 Pa tryktab. I artikel III er rapporteret resultaterne af en undersøgelserne af ydeevnen af diffust ventilationsloft installeret i et klasselokale. Undersøgelsen indeholdt bland andet sporgas målinger, lufthastighed og -temperatur og viste perfekt opblanding af indblæsningsluften uden nogen trækgener. Det diffuse ventilationsloft var en del af et mekanisk lavtryksventilationsanlæg som derudover bestod af et "overdimensioneret" aggregat and kanalsystem og en ny type reguleringsspjæld til at regulere de behovsstyrede luftstrømme. Ydeevnen af ventilationsanlægget med hensyn til indeklima, tryktab, energiforbrug og total økonomi er præsenteret i artikel IV. Anlægget var i stand til at opretholde et acceptabelt indeklima og det gennemsnitlige årlige SEL-værdi for anlægget var 0.61 kJ/m3. Total økonomi beregningerne viste at nogle af delkomponenterne var omkostningseffektive, men at total økonomien for hele anlægget var højere end for reference anlægget. I teoretiske beregninger og simuleringer var det muligt at opfylde påstandene i hypotesen og de opstillede mål. Det var dog ikke muligt at opnå samme niveau i praksis primært på af begrænsningerne ved de konventionelle løsninger brugt i forsøgsanlæggene. Konceptet og løsningerne udviklet kan dog bidrage til at gøre det muligt at designe mekaniske lavtryksventilationsanlæg i fremtiden. ; A general reduction in total energy consumption is needed, due to the increasing concerns about climate change caused by CO 2 -emmissions from fossil fuels. In 2004, the building sector accounted for 40% of the total energy consumption in the EU and the US and therefore must play a crucial role in reducing CO 2 -emmissions. Over the last decade, initiatives have been taken to reduce its energy consumption e.g. by the European Union, national governments or NGOs. The initiatives have mostly focused on improving the thermal properties of the building envelope to reduce heat losses. Building services, including ventilation, therefore now represent a larger part of the total energy consumption. Mechanical ventilation has been the most widely used principle of ventilation over the last 50 years, but the conventional system design needs revising to meet future energy requirements. The increase in the use of natural and hybrid ventilation systems is intended to reduce the energy consumption for ventilation, specifically the power consumption of fans in mechanical systems, but these alternative systems have other flaws, e.g. higher ventilation heat loss. Meanwhile, little has been done to improve the performance of mechanical ventilation systems. The power consumption of mechanical ventilation depends on the flow rate, fan efficiency and pressure loss in the system. This thesis examines the options and develops a concept and components for the design of low-pressure mechanical ventilation. The hypothesis is that A new type of low-pressure mechanical ventilation with improved indoor environment and energy performance can be developed, by optimizing and redesigning each constituent element of conventional mechanical ventilation systems with respect to pressure and the development of new low-pressure components. The goal was to develop a mechanical system with an SFP-value of 0.5 kJ/m 3 and a heat recovery efficiency of 85% that can meet current indoor environment requirements without discomfort in terms of thermal, acoustic and draught issues. The concept was developed for a temperate climate, such as Denmark's, and the objective was to provide comfort ventilation all year round and avoid overheating through increased ventilation and night cooling. This would mean that only one system needs to be installed and mechanical cooling is unnecessary. The potential to reduce pressure losses was examined for the main constituting parts of a mechanical ventilation system and the parts that are critical for the hypothesis were identified. The system proposed consists of electrostatic precipitators for filtration, an "oversized" heat exchanger to reduce pressure loss and improve heat recovery efficiency, diffuse ceiling ventilation for air distribution, and a static pressure reset control system to control the airflow to the individual rooms. The investigation of the hypothesis is reported in four papers appended to the thesis, and the thesis summarises the results and adds further discussion and an extensive study of the literature. Paper I introduces the concept and its performance is evaluated through simulations of a system designed for a test-case building. All the components were designed to minimize pressure losses and therefore the fan power needed to operate the system. The total pressure loss was 30-75 Pa depending on the operating conditions. The annual average specific fan power was 0.33 kJ/m 3 of airflow rate. This corresponds to 10-15% of the power consumption for conventional mechanical ventilation systems, enabling the system to help meet future energy requirements in buildings. Paper II describes the development of a static pressure reset control system using a new type of flow control damper. The performance of the control system was examined using a test set-up duct system. Measurements showed that the developed control algorithm and the flow dampers were able to regulate the airflow accurately down to 5 Pa. Paper III reports on an investigation into the performance of diffuse ceiling ventilation in a school classroom. The investigation included tracer gas, air velocity and temperature measurements and showed perfect mixing of the air in the room without any discomfort issues. The diffuse ceiling ventilation was part of a low-pressure mechanical system that included an "oversized" air handling unit and duct system and a new type of flow damper to regulate the demand-controlled airflow. The performance of the system in terms of indoor environment, pressure loss, energy consumption and life cycle cost are reported in Paper IV. The system was able to provide an acceptable indoor environment and the annual average SFP-value of the system was 0.61 J/m 3 . The life-cycle cost investigation showed that some components (measures) were cost-effective but the total cost of the system as a whole was higher than the reference system. In theory, it is possible to fulfil the claims of the hypothesis and the goals stated, but it was not possible to reach that level in practice mainly due to limitations in the conventional solutions used in the pilot systems. However, the concept and the solutions developed are believed to be a contribution to making the design of low-pressure mechanical ventilation systems realistic in the future.

Energy rehabilitation actions in buildings have become a great economic opportunity for the construction sector. They also constitute a strategic goal in the European Union (EU), given the energy dependence and the compromises with climate change of its member states. About 75% of existing buildings in the EU were built when energy efficiency codes had not been developed. Approximately 75% to 90% of those standing buildings are expected to remain in use in 2050. Significant advances have been achieved in energy analysis, simulation tools, and computer fluid dynamics for building energy evaluation. However, the gap between predictions and real savings might still be improved. Geomatics and computer science disciplines can really help in modelling, inspection, and diagnosis procedures. This paper presents a multi-sensor acquisition system capable of automatically and simultaneously capturing the three-dimensional geometric information, thermographic, optical, and panoramic images, ambient temperature map, relative humidity map, and light level map. The system integrates a navigation system based on a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) approach that allows georeferencing every data to its position in the building. The described equipment optimizes the energy inspection and diagnosis steps and facilitates the energy modelling of the building.

The origin of current climate change (unlike other past climate changes) is the increase in the so-called greenhouse effect. Several atmospheric gases are able to absorb infrared radiation intensively. Such gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapour, as well as nitrous oxide (N2O) and other gases. They are permeable to incoming radiation, but block the infrared (heat) radiation reflected from the earth's surface. These gases are called greenhouse gases. One of the solutions to reduce the greenhouse effect is to implement energy efficiency measures in multi-apartment residential buildings. The total multi-apartment housing stock in Latvia continues to age. Most residential buildings in Latvia were built during the Soviet period (1946–1990), the second largest category – even before the Second World War. Only a very small proportion of buildings have been built since the restoration of the country's independence. As a result, the overall condition of buildings in Latvia can be assessed as poor or even unsatisfactory. Some multi-apartment buildings are so dilapidated that they endanger the safety and health of both tenants and the surrounding residents. The involvement of apartment owners and managers in the renewal of the housing stock is largely related to financing that they cannot afford to invest themselves. The support mechanism for the renovation of multi-apartment residential buildings is the European Union funds, as well as the Investment and Development Agency of Latvia (LIAA) and ALTUM. In the ALTUM programme, the maximum grant or gift limit is 50% of the total eligible costs, while the other part of the financing is covered through a commercial bank that has a cooperation agreement with ALTUM or the funds or savings of the tenants. LIAA and ALTUM support programmes have different funding models. As a result of the research, it has been proven that the renovation of multi-apartment buildings is a complex, financially expensive and complicated project that cannot be implemented without the European Union co-financing.

The need for building renovation is receiving increased attention in many countries around the world. One reason for this is an ageing building stock. Another reason is the urgent need to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. The UNFCCC Paris Agreement at COP 21 in 2015 agreed on limitation of the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050. This requires a fast transition to renewable and fossil free energy. Reaching the goal won't be feasible without reducing the energy demand where possible and this also applies to buildings. Globally, the building sector accounts for approximately 28% of total energy-related CO2 emissions (IEA 2019). Therefore, a major contribution to achieving emissions reductions must come from renovation of the existing stock to increase insulation and changing the building services (heat, cold, ventilation, electricity) to carbon free systems. Insights in the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Europe and the monitoring of the progress of renovation can be found in a special issue of Energy and Buildings (Visscher et al. 2016). The rate of renovation needs to speed up and the renovations should be deeper (IEA 2019). Deep renovation is addressed further on in this article. Central and local governments all over the world are translating the carbon reduction goals to policies and action plans for retrofitting the existing building stocks. As a concrete example, the European Commission presented October 2020 an integrated policy and support action "A Renovation Wave for Europe - greening our buildings, creating jobs, improving lives" (EC 2020). The plan describes the high aimed goals and huge challenges and barriers to overcome for the European building stock. It makes clear that research and innovation will be needed to overcome the barriers. (Wade & Visscher 2021)

Promoting the improvement of the overall energy performance of buildings is a relevant part of the European climate action and the Roadmap for moving towards a competitive low carbon economy in 2050, with an expectation of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by around 90% when compared to 1990 values, in the area of the built environment. The recast of the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) introduced the goal of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) for all new buildings from January 1st, 2021 and plans should be drawn to stimulate the transformation of existing buildings that are refurbished into the same concept. EPBD also requires that all European Member States must ensure that the minimum energy performance requirements for buildings are set to achieve optimal levels, i.e. the energy performance levels that lead to the minimum cost during the life cycle. Therefore, Cost Optimality and nZEB are two fundamental concepts within the current European Union policy related to the energy performance of buildings and consequently related to climate change mitigation and non-renewable resources consumption, with Cost Optimality mainly focused on costs and nZEB focused on low energy consumption levels and on site renewables harvesting. In this context, this paper, using two characteristic buildings of the Portuguese residential building stock, aims at presenting the results that emerged from the analysis and identification of the most cost-effective packages of renovation measures needed to adapt existing buildings to zero energy balance and comparing them with those resulting from the calculation of cost-optimal levels.The investigation of the trade-offs between a renovation towards zero energy balance and a cost optimal renovation without energy use restrictions is relevant to provide clues to the development of national plans for increasing the number of nZEB and to provide appropriate financing and other instruments to catalyze this ...

The paper deals with the problems linked to the energy renovation of multi-apartment buildings and developed a case study in Lithuania with the aim to assess the household&rsquo ; s willingness to pay for energy renovation and to define the main barriers preventing the households from making decisions to renovate their apartments in residential buildings. Energy renovation provides huge energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential and though policies and measures exist to promote large scale energy renovation, there are still many barriers and the pace of energy renovation is still very slow, especially in new EU member states and former Soviet Union members. These countries have inherited old, energy inefficient residential buildings from their Soviet past, and their inhabitants are locked in energy poverty because of their inability to renovate their apartments. This paper analyzed the current situation in the selected country and presents the results of a case study on willingness to pay (WTP) for energy renovation in Lithuanian residential buildings. The survey of 104 Lithuanian households living in unrenovated multi-flat buildings was conducted. The 39 multiple choice questions were asked in order to define the main barriers and drivers of energy renovation. The main results of this pilot study indicated that there are several important organizational and economic barriers for energy renovation in multi-flat buildings and current policies and support schemes have not addressed them in a proper way. The high heating bills and low heat comfort in apartments were the main drivers of energy renovation decision-making for households, however, inadequate state support, reluctance to take a loan due to low income, and inability to make collective decisions on renovation due to the lack of cooperation and housing association were the main barriers that prevented them from this step. New innovative schemes like the Energy Service Companies ESCO model with consolidated billing can be applied to address the identified barriers.

The paper presents the history and trends of façadism, with examples from around the world, including a case where the State intervened for the suspension of façadism plans after alarmed academics referred to the Supreme Administrative Court. The different practices and scopes of façadism are presented, along with the views of its supporters and adversaries. Issues of authenticity arising from façadism interventions are discussed. Answers on whether building renovation through façadism consists of cultural preservation practice and preservation of the authenticity of a place, are sought in internationally accepted cultural heritage policy documents. These may provide solutions that could assist countries and institutions to make the right decisions regarding the conservation of architectural heritage, and confront extreme façadism practices through planning programs, legislative measures and education.

The paper presents the history and trends of façadism, with examples from around the world, including a case where the State intervened for the suspension of façadism plans after alarmed academics referred to the Supreme Administrative Court. The different practices and scopes of façadism are presented, along with the views of its supporters and adversaries. Issues of authenticity arising from façadism interventions are discussed. Answers on whether building renovation through façadism consists of cultural preservation practice and preservation of the authenticity of a place, are sought in internationally accepted cultural heritage policy documents.These may provide solutions that could assist countries and institutions to make the right decisions regarding the conservation of architectural heritage, and confront extreme façadism practices through planning programs, legislative measures and education.

Climate change became a priority issue on the agenda of the energy and environmental policy of the European Union. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the main pillars to cope with climate change. Buildings consuming 40% of final energy in the European Union play a vital role here. This is the reason for changing attitude towards evaluation of the benefits of the renovation of existing buildings. Previously before making a decision on building renovation solutions the main factor was cost‐efficiency. Today life‐cycle approach taking into account energy consumption and abatement of greenhouse gases is more relevant. The goal of the paper is to compare different alternatives for the renovation of buildings taking into account energy, economic and environmental criteria while evaluating impact of renovation measures during their life cycle. The first alternative is renovation of a building up to the requirements of existing building codes. The second alternative is renovation of a building making its thermal characteristics of the envelopes by 25% better. The third alternative is renovation of a building making its thermal characteristics of the envelopes by 50% better. Possibility to use renewable energy in all the three alternatives is also investigated. The results of analysis show that in the case under consideration replacement of district heating, mostly based on fossil fuel, with a biomass boiler has an advantage in terms of environment and energy. However, economic attractiveness of these alternatives is rather moderate. Final choice of the alternatives depends on the priorities of a decision‐maker. Santrauka Klimato kaita tapo prioritetiniu punktu Europos Sajungos energetikos ir aplinkosaugos politikos darbotvarkeje. Energijos vartojimo efektyvumas ir atsinaujinantys energijos ištekliai ‐ pagrindines nuostatos siekiant iveikti klimato kaitos keliamas problemas. Pastatams, kuriuose suvartojama 40 % Europos Sajungos galutines energijos, čia tenka pagrindinis vaidmuo. Tai yra priežastis keisti požiūri, vertinant esamu pastatu renovavimo nauda. Anksčiau prieš priimant sprendima del pastatu renovacijos pagrindinis faktorius buvo ekonominis efektyvumas. Šiandien tikslingiau yra atsižvelgti i gyvavimo cikla, ivertinant energijos suvartojimo mastus ir šiltnamio duju išmetius. Šio darbo tikslas ‐ palyginti skirtingas pastatu renovavimo alternatyvas, atsižvelgiant i energetinius, ekonominius ir aplinkos apsaugos kriterijus, vertinant renovacijos priemoniu itaka per ju gyvavimo laika. Pirmoji renovacijos alternatyva ‐ pastatas renovuojamas, kad atitiktu reikalavimus, keliamus pastatu atitvaru šiluminems charakteristikoms. Antroji renovacijos alternatyva ‐ pastato atitvaru šilumines charakteristikos, palyginti su galiojančiais reikalavimais, gerinamos 25 %. Trečioji alternatyva ‐ pastato atitvaru šilumines charakteristikos, palyginti su galiojančiais reikalavimais, gerinamos 50 %. Papildomai ivertinama galimybe visais trim atvejais naudoti atsinaujinančius energijos išteklius. Analizes rezultatai parode, kad nagrinejamu atveju gaunama energetine ir aplinkosaugine nauda, kai vietoje esamos centralizuotai tiekiamos šilumos sistemos, kurioje šilumai gaminti pagrindinai naudojamas iškastinis kuras, irengiamas biomases katilas. Ekonomiškai šios alternatyvos yra mažiau patrauklios. Galutinis alternatyvu pasirinkimas priklauso nuo sprendimu priemejo prioritetu. Резюме Изменение климата стало приоритетным вопросом на повестке дня энергетической и экологической политики Европейского Cоюза. Энергетическая эффективность и возобновляемые источники энергии являются основными мерами для уменьшения изменений климата. С этой точки зрения большое значение имеют здания, так как они в Европейском Союзе потребляют 40% энергии. Это является причиной изменения отношения к оценке выгод от реновации существующих зданий. Ранее для принятия решения о реновации здания основным фактором являлась экономическая эффективность. Сегодня более актуальным является учет потребления энергии и сокращения выбросов парниковых газов. Целью настоящей работы было сравнить различные варианты реконструкции здания с учетом энергетических, экономических и экологических критериев при оценке воздействия мер по реконструкции во время их жизненного цикла. Первый вариант – это реновация здания с целью улучшения его тепловых характеристик, доводя их до требований существующих строительных норм. Второй вариант – реновация здания с целью улучшения его тепловых характеристик на 25% по сравнению с требованиями существующих строительных норм. Третий вариант – реновация здания с целью улучшения его тепловых характеристик на 50% по сравнению с требованиями существующих строительных норм. Кроме этого, во всех трех вариантах исследована возможность использования возобновляемых источников энергии. Результаты анализа показали, что замена централизованного теплоснабжения, основaнного главным образом на использовании ископаемых видов топлива, на котел с биомассой имеет преимущество с точки зрения окружающей среды и энергетики, однако экономическая привлекательность такой альтернативы довольно умеренна. Окончательный выбор вариантов зависит от приоритетов субъекта, принимающего решение. First Publish Online: 27 Jun 2011 Reikšminiai žodžiai: visuomeninis pastatas, renovacija, energijos vartojimo efektyvumas, įkūnytoji energija, gyvavimo ciklo analizė, gyvavimo ciklo kaštai, CO2 emisijos. Ключевые слова: общественное здание, реновация, эффективность применения энергии, воплощенная энергия, анализ жизненного цикла, стоимость жизненного цикла, эмиссия CO2.

Climate change became a priority issue on the agenda of the energy and environmental policy of the European Union. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the main pillars to cope with climate change. Buildings consuming 40% of final energy in the European Union play a vital role here. This is the reason for changing attitude towards evaluation of the benefits of the renovation of existing buildings. Previously before making a decision on building renovation solutions the main factor was cost‐efficiency. Today life‐cycle approach taking into account energy consumption and abatement of greenhouse gases is more relevant.The goal of the paper is to compare different alternatives for the renovation of buildings taking into account energy, economic and environmental criteria while evaluating impact of renovation measures during their life cycle. The first alternative is renovation of a building up to the requirements of existing building codes. The second alternative is renovation of a building making its thermal characteristics of the envelopes by 25% better. The third alternative is renovation of a building making its thermal characteristics of the envelopes by 50% better. Possibility to use renewable energy in all the three alternatives is also investigated.The results of analysis show that in the case under consideration replacement of district heating, mostly based on fossil fuel, with a biomass boiler has an advantage in terms of environment and energy. However, economic attractiveness of these alternatives is rather moderate. Final choice of the alternatives depends on the priorities of a decision‐maker. Visuomeninio pastato optimalaus renovacijos sprendimo paieška, atsižvelgiant į energetinius, aplinkos apsaugos ir ekonominius kriterijus Santrauka.Klimato kaita tapo prioritetiniu punktu Europos Sąjungos energetikos ir aplinkosaugos politikos darbotvarkėje. Energijos vartojimo efektyvumas ir atsinaujinantys energijos ištekliai – pagrindinės nuostatos siekiant įveikti klimato kaitos keliamas problemas. Pastatams, kuriuose suvartojama 40 % Europos Sajungos galutines energijos, čia tenka pagrindinis vaidmuo. Tai yra priežastis keisti požiūrį, vertinant esamų pastatų renovavimo naudą. Anksčiau prieš priimant sprendimą dėl pastatų renovacijos pagrindinis faktorius buvo ekonominis efektyvumas. Šiandien tikslingiau yra atsižvelgti į gyvavimo ciklą, ivertinant energijos suvartojimo mastus ir šiltnamio dujų išmetius. Šio darbo tikslas – palyginti skirtingas pastatų renovavimo alternatyvas, atsižvelgiant į energetinius, ekonominius ir aplinkos apsaugos kriterijus, vertinant renovacijos priemonių itaką per jų gyvavimo laiką. Pirmoji renovacijos alternatyva – pastatas renovuojamas, kad atitiktų reikalavimus, keliamus pastatų atitvarų šiluminėms charakteristikoms. Antroji renovacijos alternatyva – pastato atitvarų šiluminės charakteristikos, palyginti su galiojančiais reikalavimais, gerinamos 25 %. Trečioji alternatyva – pastato atitvarų šiluminės charakteristikos, palyginti su galiojančiais reikalavimais, gerinamos 50 %. Papildomai įvertinama galimybė visais trim atvejais naudoti atsinaujinančius energijos išteklius. Analizės rezultatai parodė, kad nagrinejamu atveju gaunama energetinė ir aplinkosauginė nauda, kai vietoje esamos centralizuotai tiekiamos šilumos sistemos, kurioje šilumai gaminti pagrindinai naudojamas iškastinis kuras, irengiamas biomases katilas. Ekonomiškai šios alternatyvos yra mažiau patrauklios. Galutinis alternatyvų pasirinkimas priklauso nuo sprendimų priemėjo prioritetu. Reikšminiai žodžiai: visuomeninis pastatas, renovacija, energijos vartojimo efektyvumas, įkūnytoji energija, gyvavimo ciklo analizė, gyvavimo ciklo kaštai, CO2 emisijos. Поиск оптимального решения при реновации общественного здания с учетом энергетических, экологических и экономических критериев Резюме.Изменение климата стало приоритетным вопросом на повестке дня энергетической и экологической политики Европейского Cоюза. Энергетическая эффективность и возобновляемые источники энергии являются основными мерами для уменьшения изменений климата. С этой точки зрения большое значение имеют здания, так как они в Европейском Союзе потребляют 40 % энергии. Это является причиной изменения отношения к оценке выгод от реновации существующих зданий. Ранее для принятия решения о реновации здания основным фактором являлась экономическая эффективность. Сегодня более актуальным является учет потребления энергии и сокращения выбросов парниковых газов. Целью настоящей работы было сравнить различные варианты реконструкции здания с учетом энергетических, экономических и экологических критериев при оценке воздействия мер по реконструкции во время их жизненного цикла. Первый вариант – это реновация здания с целью улучшения его тепловых характеристик, доводя их до требований существующих строительных норм. Второй вариант – реновация здания с целью улучшения его тепловых характеристик на 25 % по сравнению с требованиями существующих строительных норм. Третий вариант – реновация здания с целью улучшения его тепловых характеристик на 50 % по сравнению с требованиями существующих строительных норм. Кроме этого, во всех трех вариантах исследована возможность использования возобновляемых источников энергии. Результаты анализа показали, что замена централизованного теплоснабжения, основaнного главным образом на использовании ископаемых видов топлива, на котел с биомассой имеет преимущество с точки зрения окружающей среды и энергетики, однако экономическая привлекательность такой альтернативы довольно умеренна. Окончательный выбор вариантов зависит от приоритетов субъекта, принимающего решение. Ключевые слова: общественное здание, реновация, эффективность применения энергии, воплощенная энергия, анализ жизненного цикла, стоимость жизненного цикла, эмиссия CO2. First Publish Online: 27 Jun 2011

Presented at Sustainability in the Built Environment for Climate Change Mitigation, 23-25 October 2019, Thessaloniki, Greece ; Energy efficiency is priority number one in the EU in the last two years and efforts to achieve it have been made in various ways: through regulations, guidelines, good practice results, education and training. The buildings sector still is the larger consumer of energy, so many policies and national energy strategies have prepared ambitious goals to significantly decrease the sector's energy consumption. An important step for the implementation of these strategies is the detection of the potential to energy renovate the existing building stock. This is the objective of this study; to present the ENERFUND tool which displays the current energy performance of a group of buildings and pinpoints the energy renovation potential for the selected buildings. An extensive study to identify the expectations of the future users was carried out, which provided valuable feedback for the features of the tool. The tool utilizes data from publicly available Energy Performance Certificates in the form of an interactive web map and combines them with other geo-referenced data and general information to allow for a rating of deep renovation opportunities. The paper explains the various features of the tool, and presents typical examples of the tool use for targeted stakeholder interests.